The analytic focus is shifting to the targets of socialization and the dynamic and agentic process whereby actors interact with their normative context. What if anarchy was not a given condition that ordered world politics? (One of the foundational texts that covers chapters on security and strategic culture, albeit from a mainly conventional perspective). Norms and identity in world politics (pp. (2) Socialization how an extant norm or a nascent norm from one community diffuses and is internalized by actors outside that community. Norm-breaking behavior may be evident but is only problematic for constructivist arguments if norms are specific and static. They consider that actors can stand outside a normative structure to consider options. Norms in international relations: Some conceptual and methodological reflections. Anarchy is not a given of the international system. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Put simply, social norms were treated as independent variables explanations for varied behaviors observed in world politics. According to constructivism the priority is for social features instead of material. New York: Columbia University Press. It will then consider some key criticisms of this approach and conclude with a short summary. 1. Constructivists discuss questions of identity and belief. International Politics, 47(1), 125. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. New York: Routledge. (1996). 6667). Hagstrm, L., & Gustafsson, K. (2015). International Security, 23(1), 171200. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, International Studies. When ideas and behaviors differ over time or space, trends that once looked solid and consistent can shift as well. Constructivism is an International Relations (IR) theory. International Relations employs three theories that political scientists use to explain and predict how world politics plays out.To define the theories of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism we will explore how each theory views anarchy, power, state interests, and the cause of war. Like its revision of anarchy as an ordering principle in international relations, constructivism also changed perceptions about the relationship between agents and structures, brought attention to how ideas matter as much as material factors, and how identity, norms, and culture shape global relations. The Washington Quarterly, 41(3), 89109. Only those with equal power could make such demands, and the Athenians make good on their threat to destroy the Melians, declaring that might is right and the weak suffer what they must (Thucydides 1951, pp. Despite their position of material weakness, the Melians argued that freedom and justice are more important. Social Constructivism in International Relations and the Gender Dimension . The development of and debate over logics of behavior is the foundation of the reasoning about normsreasoning through norms spectrum. Social Constructivist International Relations and the Military. Early constructivist work in the 1980s and early 1990s sought to establish a countervailing approach to the material and rational theories that dominated the study of international relations (e.g., Wendt 1987, 1992; Onuf 1989; Kratochwil 1989; Ruggie 1993; Kratochwil and Ruggie 1986). For decades, the theory of International Relations was dominated by two approaches: realism and liberalism. Theo Farrell (2002, p. 50) explains this in the following way: where actors are great powers, the social structure is an international system that gives meaning to great power and recognizes this identity in particular practices, such as the use of force against smaller states; through such practices, states great and small in turn shape the international system. If the world is anarchic, Wendt argued, it is because states believe it to be so, and seek to secure themselves by the logic that anarchy produced. Discourse has power because language can shape how we view phenomena simple acts such as defining a conflict as one of terrorism, for example, then calls into effect a range of policy options associated with countering terrorism. Identity and culture can be problematic categories and distract from other factors that can explain international relations, such as capitalism or patriarchy (Kurki and Sinclair 2010). - Ikechukwu Aloysius Orjinta - Google Books Sign in Try the new Google Books Books View sample Add to my library. And while the focus on norms is important, there is an overwhelming tendency to examine good norms theres often the assumption that norms are good or ethical without critically analyzing what makes them good and what they mean for international change (Erskine 2012; Kowert and Legro 1996). Agius, C. (2022). Tannenwald, N. (2018). Moreover, one of constructivisms strongest contributions has been in relation to the agency-structure debate, showing how mutual constitution provides a different reading of world politics and international relations but also opens the possibility for change. Holding social norms relatively constant in order to do this was deemed an acceptable trade-off. To construct something is an act which brings into being a subject or object that otherwise would not exist. European Journal of International Relations, 12(3), 341370. Those who study contestation do allow for reasoning about norms, appealing to notions of interpretation to generate different understandings of a norm with a community of norm acceptors. Baumann, M. (2022). The irreducible core of constructivism for international relations is the recognition that international reality is socially constructed. But norms are never static and this meaning has also changed over time for instance, with the rise of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), sovereignty as an institution has become contingent on states fulfilling certain criteria such as not committing human rights abuse. Social norms were conceptualized as aspects of social structure that emerged from the actions and beliefs of actors in specific communities; norms shaped those actions and beliefs by constituting actors identities and interests. Adler, E. (1997). Cham: Springer. Koschut, S. (2014). 115135). In the other mode, actors actively consider their normative context in an attempt to reason about the best (appropriate) course of action actors reasoning about social norms. The shared understandings given to objects are referred to as inter-subjective meanings, which Adler explains as collective knowledge (1997). In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. Norm emergence studies were concerned with how ideas come to achieve normative status (e.g., Nadelmann 1990; Klotz 1995; Finnemore 1996; Finnemore and Sikkink 1998) and why some ideas become norms and others do not (e.g., Cortell and Davis 1996, 2000; Finnemore and Sikkink 1998; Legro 2000; Payne 2001). The strategic cultures of states are not the same: they are guided by perceptions, beliefs, ideas and norms that determine how states view the international system and how they use military force and priorities (Neumann and Heikka 2005, p. 6). Correspondence to As one notable example, Keohane (1988:392) critiqued this new perspective by arguing that the greatest weakness of the reflective school lies not in deficiencies in their critical arguments but in the lack of a clear reflective research program that could be employed by students of world politics. At the forefront of the initial empirical push in constructivist research were the norms-oriented and identity approaches. Initial constructivist studies of social norms generally clustered into three areas. While constructivists do not deny the importance of material factors, they also argue that ideas also matter, and in some cases, matter more. (1992). At the other end of the spectrum are constructivists who argue that agents reason through social structures. Steele, B. They posited the LoA as a corrective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1 2. introduction "the focus of social constructivism is on human awareness or consciousness and its place in world affairs. While some of the major criticisms of constructivist thought should be at the forefront when considering security and military problems through this lens, the potential to see the world in more dynamic terms is one of constructivisms leading contributions. The link was not copied. Third, critical scholars argue that constructivism is deeply flawed because it is apolitical, does not adequately analyze categories such as norms, or simply resurrects rationalist ideas. Yet, the degree to which agents are able to independently evaluate their social context (as well as their material reality as far as that goes) and act upon it is what separates different behavioral logics and it is one way that different constructivist approaches in the current second wave (Acharya 2004) of norms research can be differentiated. In both cases, compliance with an international norm behaving in a way that matches the behavioral strictures of the norm is expressly theorized and variation in compliance is explained not by pitting constructivist and rationalist/materialist variables, but by examining processes by which domestic actors interpret and manipulate international and local norms. 451497). The causes of the Iraq war. It examines the socialization process as more one of contestation between different normative systems and has broadened the scope of analysis to include attempts at socializing both powerful and weaker actors. Social constructivism is not among the most popular theoretical approaches used in forecasting in International Relations. (Ed.). 331336). Weinhabits world of our making" (Onuf,1989),and setion i . The logic of anarchy is but one way in which it is possible to imagine how the international system works. But some states refuse to do this, even if it is in their material interests to do so (see the example of neutral states in this chapter). Weber, C. (1999). The initial empirical norms research tended to simplify normative dynamics to facilitate analysis and dialogue with competing perspectives, treating the norms that they analyzed as relatively static entities with relatively specific meanings and strictures. Instead of calculating what is best for improving its utility, an actor motivated by the logic of appropriateness will instead reason what actors like me should do. Lebow, R. (2001). In P. J. Katzenstein (Ed. It stresses the social dimensions of International relations. Recent studies have taken the generic nature of norms more seriously and have subsequently focused on how actors must operationalize their normative context to take specific actions (Hoffmann 2005; Van Kersbergen and Verbeek 2007; Sandholtz 2008). Cortell and Davis (2005) still invoke fit or congruence between the local context and global norms in explaining compliance with an international norm, but their twists on this theme are: (1) to examine socialization of a powerful actor Japan; and (2) to conceive of fit not as a given, but rather the result of conscious domestic political activity. The concept of power: A constructivist analysis. By Fizza Hameed Khan, Mahnoor Iqbal, Malaika Shahbaz, Sidra Noor, Raniya Ishtiaq. Nordic strategic culture. When actors follow the logic of arguing, they seek common understandings through discourse and dialogue. forthcoming). (2017). for example, is that ideas and norms are hard to test empirically (Moravcsik 1999); they are intangible things that are difficult to measure or quantify, and it is hard to know if they played a significant role in affecting behavior (Farrell 2002, p. 60). Not all states interpret power in the material or hierarchical sense. International Relations is in Social Studies, thus this study field tries to theorize a model that could explain everything that is going on between countries. As political processes such as the 2008 economic crisis in Europe and Brexit show, theorising a polity. Constructivism The international relations theory that suggests that people create their own reality, . Rather than see security and conflict in the same way, actors will interpret and pursue security based on the ideas, norms, identities, and values that have meaning for them. According to this approach, the behaviour of humans is determined by their identity, which itself is shaped by society's values, history, practices, and institutions. Denmark exhibits of soft form of neoliberalism compared to that of the USA or UK, affecting views of the role of the market in terms of outsourcing security; moreover, Denmark has hard commitments to international humanitarian law which is likely to have tempered direct engagement of PMSCs (2019, pp. Understanding how ideas about danger and threat are socially constructed, and how states form social relations in the international system is a key starting point in discussions about global security. International Organization, 53(3), 433468. In essence, they theorized norm diffusion as taking place from a community of Western states constituted by compliance with universal human rights norms to individual Southern states. Studies of norm diffusion or spread moved constructivists into the area of socialization. Viewed in this way, as Onuf insists, "Constructivism applies to all fields of social inquiry" and "is a way of studying social relations - any kind of social relations." There is an implicit equivalence made between contestation that goes on within a normative community (generated by the gap between general rules and specific situations) and contestation that occurs between different normative communities (inevitable tension between norms). Realists have traditionally seen neutral states as weak and small, responding only to the external anarchic realm (Agius 2006). Realist international relations theory and the military. Social norms were conceived as aspects of social structure that emerged from the actions and beliefs of actors in specific communities and in turn norms shaped those actions and beliefs by constituting actors identities and interests. What agents want and who they are may be constituted by social structures, but there is never a complete sublimation of agents they retain an ability to reason about constitutive social structures and make relatively independent behavioral choices. To conclude social constructivism believe that reality does not exist outside our consciousness, it only exists as 'intersubjective awareness' among people. A Social Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Argument," European Journal of International Relations 1 (December 1995)CrossRef Google Scholar. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Assessing the effects and effectiveness of the Geneva Conventions. At the core of social constructivism is the idea that international politics and indeed human relations are socially constructed rather than given. Its core ideas are based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution. International relations and military sciences. Tannenwald, N. (2017). Cham: Springer. It brought former Warsaw Pact nations into its fold and strengthened convergence around normative issues such as human rights through social learning (Gheciu 2005; Fierke and Wiener 1999). Post modernism // Refer political theory (section 1A) also. To be clear, constructivists have been quite good at demonstrating the replacement of one norm with another. Norms and Social Constructivism in International Relations | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies Social norms were conceptualized as aspects of social structure that emerged from the actions and beliefs of actors in specific communities; norms shaped those actions and beliefs by constituting actors' identities and interests. For neorealists, who take a structural explanation of international relations and argue that anarchy shapes world politics, states are like units distinguished only by their distribution of power and capabilities states were primed to behave the same way because the anarchic structure instructs them so. Silverstone, S. (2021). Writing in the 1950s, Karl Deutsch differentiated between amalgamated and pluralistic security communities, with the former referring to a security community with a shared government, and the latter involving an integrated yet separated political structure. Erskine, T. (2012). The second is compliance or diffusion actors from different normative communities seek to enlarge their communities or to hold on to extant norms in the face of external normative challenges and disputes that arise can lead to normative change in both communities. Constructivism is a theory of knowledge which argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning through world interactions and ideas. Tactical constructivism, method, and international relations. Actors can see and interpret the world and approach it differently therefore, anarchy is what states make of it. For Wendt, different cultures of anarchy were possible, which meant that the neorealist idea of a self-help system was limited to just a Hobbesian version that depended on military power for security. I also explored the growing body of constructivist . Post modernism is relatively new in international relations. Other articles where constructivism is discussed: international relations: Constructivism: In the late 20th century the study of international relations was increasingly influenced by constructivism. (2016). One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. This pivot is an interesting development in norms research for two reasons. In order to better understand compliance with and contestation over norms either in isolation or together, it is necessary to pay more attention to the prior understanding of who is in the community. Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. Identifies the norms and ideas associated with them. For neorealists, the relative material capabilities of states determine hierarchy and power in international relations. The constructivist focus on norms is important for understanding teleological aspects of its idea of international relations that ideas can change world politics (Hopf 1998). 134). In Searles book The Construction of Social Reality, he opens with a puzzle that concerned him for a long time: that there are portions of the real world, objective facts in the world, that are only facts by human agreementthings that exist only because we believe them to existlike money, property, government, and marriagesThese contrast with such facts as that Mount Everest has snow and ice near the summit or that hydrogen atoms have one electron, which are facts totally independent of any human opinions (1995, pp. Hopf, T. (1998). Social constructivism emerged out of key debates in international relations theory in the 1980s concerned with agents and structures and has come to be seen as the fourth debate in international relations theorizing, which pitches constructivist against rationalist perspectives (Fierke and Jrgensen 2001, p. 3). On the contrary, early, empirically oriented constructivists worked to demonstrate that shared ideas about appropriate state behavior had a profound impact on the nature and functioning of world politics. For liberals, the belief that liberal ideas such as democracy and the free market are ideas to be shared to make the world a better place suggests a transfer of ideas rather than an exchange of ideas. International norms dynamics and political change. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319363. A constructivist lens on PMCs, however, reveals how questions of national identity can also be central to their use. Doing so has opened up the field to bring in different explanations of global politics that can delve deeper into how culture and identity play a role in determining state interests. New York: Columbia University Press. Social constructivism can also help make sense of security and military phenomena, such as alliances and threat perceptions, or why states go to war. Security communities. Wiener (2007) has advanced what she is calling a new logic of contestedness and has explored (2004) the dynamics of interpretation and contestation in European responses to the 2003 Iraq War. Constructivism theory is one of the models of the progressing emergence of international relations theory. At the core of social constructivism is the idea that international politics - and indeed human relations - are "socially constructed" rather than "given." Its core ideas are based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution. Introduction by Finley, John H. New York: Random House. Under a constructivist lens, the primacy of state survival in realist thought also undergoes reconsideration. Constructivism relies in part on the theory of the social construction of reality, which says that whatever reality is perceived to be, for the . Ideas do not float freely: Transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the cold war. Instead, practices are the result of inarticulate, practical knowledge that makes what is done appear self-evident or commensenical.. Constructivists also emphasize how domestic norms and values play a role in how states and their militaries approach conflict or understand the causes of conflict. Sookermany, A. M. (2021). But the existence of a norm is dependent on continual enactment by communities of actors actors thus also experience norms, at least in part, as internal rules (Hoffmann 2005). Wendt, A. Critiques Lack a theory of agency: - According to Hopt (The Promise of Constructivism in international relations theory, 1998), constructivism is an approach, not a theory; or at most a theory of process. Constructivisms key influences come from sociological and philosophical perspectives on the nature of reality and phenomena, which brings knowledge, language, and social relations to the fore. The initial wave of empirical norms work provided a solid foundation for the newly emergent constructivist approach, but it tended to bracket the vibrant existence of norms themselves. Giddens (1984:22) argued that social rules do not specify all the situations which an actor might meet with, nor could [they] do so; rather, [they] provide for the generalized capacity to respond to and influence an indeterminate range of social circumstances. Until recently this insight was often bracketed and it was assumed that norm acceptors follow the norms that structure their community relatively unproblematically. The use of logic of appropriateness put constructivists in the curious position of having to show that norms, ideas, and identity mattered instead of material interests, which from a constructivist viewpoint is nonsensical. They are both based on philosophical views. This is akin to what Krebs and Jackson (2007:434) describe as implication contests where actors agree on the nature of an issue, but not the policy implications and framing contests where there is fundamental disagreement about the situation at hand. There. Although the theory lies more on non-material factors that govern states, it explains that politics also plays a role in international relations. People who share an identification are then assumed to share unique traits and attributes. 1516). This chapter will explore what constructivism is, and its underlying claims and key influences, while comparing its core tenets to theories such as realism (see Realist International Relations Theory and The Military by Schmidt in this volume) and liberalism (see Liberal International Relations Theory and The Military by Silverstone in this volume). Along with recent work on strategic social construction the idea that norms can be deployed in the service of interests (regardless of whether those interests are pre-given or socially constructed themselves) or at least shape strategic behavior (e.g., Barnett and Coleman 2004; Muller 2004; Nielson, Tierney, and Weaver 2006; Seabrooke 2006) the recent writing on compliance has made progress on questions left open by the initial wave of empirical norms research. A number of recent studies have examined just this tension and the range of empirical topics being considered from this perspective is now quite broad. European Security, 27(3), 374392. As shared objects, they appear as external to any particular actor actors experience norms, at least in part, as external rules. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 547560. ), Routledge handbook of private security studies (pp. Liberty University International Relations Chapter Four: Theories of International Relations: Economic Structuralism, Constructivism, and Feminism Notes. International Theory, 4(3), 449468. Compliance studies tend to fall on the side of reasoning about norms, considering how actors react to external norms and attempts at socialization, while contestation studies tend to view actors as reasoning through norms, examining how communities of norm acceptors can alter the meaning of constitutive norms through their bounded interpretations of prevailing norms and actions in line with those interpretations. Subsequently, states do what they can to secure themselves, which often means resorting to military force. Today's video is the third in our IR 101 series in which we discu. Reviewing the complementary identity-oriented approaches is beyond the scope of this essay, but its neglect here in no way reflects the importance of this crucial aspect of constructivist theorizing (on identity see, e.g., Hall 1999; Hopf 2002). Critical constructivists prefer to examine state identity in terms of its wider story (Fierke and Jrgensen 2001). Social Constructivism Summary Notes. Third, rather than see international relations as an anarchic realm where the lack of a central authority above states guarantees security, constructivism makes the claim that agents and structures are mutually constituted or shaped by each other. New York: Oxford University Press. This analytic move facilitated conversation and competition with rational/material theoretical competitors. Moreover, the Geneva Convention is an example of both a regulative and a constitutive norm, in that it not only proscribes state behavior but established a new international normative order, creating expectations for international behavior. (2006). For the Athenians, the refusal of the Melians the much weaker party to submit and their preference for neutrality was an affront to their power. Intersubjective facts like social norms only exist within a community of actors that accept them. Introduction to special section: from Nordic exceptionalism to a third order priority variations of Nordicness in foreign and security policy. While realists would argue that decision to go to war are based on rational state interests, constructivists would argue that the Geneva Convention represents the idea that war is a social and cultural practice and driven by moral considerations. Fierke, K. M. (2001). In addition, norms-oriented research and the constructivist literature writ large has begun to concern itself more with research questions that fall out from constructivist thought independently without as much reference to competing approaches (Checkel 2004). Both of these critiques run afoul of constructivist logic yet are legitimate given how norms were conceptualized in the initial wave of empirical constructivist work. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 12). ), Handbook of military sciences (pp. Meanings: socially constructed. Initial constructivist studies of social norms can be divided into three areas: normative, socialization, and normative emergence. This goes against realist reliance on a world structured by anarchy that compels states to behave in certain ways, regardless of what sort of states they are (Farrell 2002, pp. 3. International relations require various perspectives to comprehend the complexity of the interactions that take place in the international sphere. Justice are more important as independent variables explanations for varied behaviors observed in world?... European security, 27 ( 3 ), and Feminism Notes subsequently, states do they... Or spread moved constructivists into the area of socialization and the end of the reasoning about normsreasoning through spectrum! Are referred to as inter-subjective meanings, which Adler explains as collective (... Assumed to share unique traits and attributes can be divided into three areas: normative, socialization and! Role in international relations and competition with rational/material theoretical competitors central to their use and. 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