The formation of the state of Israel was another problem waiting to escalate in the future. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism, Alpha History - Imperialism as a cause of World War I, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Imperialism. These effects were especially visible in India, Africa, and the Great Britain. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. For centuries (including the present day), imperialism has stripped people of their cultures, languages, sovereignty, and lands. The British played a huge role in imperialism. (An empire is a singular political unitnot necessarily based on territorial contiguitythat incorporates different peoples who were previously self-governing and who retain some institutional autonomy.) Imperialism is defined in the dictionary as being a " The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations" (p 681 American Heritage college Dictionary). Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over weaker countries. The third group of arguments has to do with strategy and security. For some Middle Easterners, colonization wasn't such a bad thing during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Imperialism is when a country or civilization swallows another country for its land, labor, and raw materials with influence or military force. After the Mughal dynasty started collapsing 50 years earlier, this company saw an opportunity to take over a huge country -- and they did so, for 100 years, until the Sepoy (Indian soldiers) started rebelling against them. Even after Egypt gained independence in 1922, the Suez Canal Company continued to own and profit from the canal. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. balfour declaration (1917); It all starts with the British East India Company in 1757. How was the invasion stopped? For a decade after World War I the great expectations for a better world inspired by the League of Nations put the problem of imperialism once more in abeyance. Ottoman lands remained comparatively open to trade by foreigners (though not to land acquisition), and the Ottoman government rarely took action to protect its own merchants, as the Europeans commonly did. though it has negative effects. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity. Remind them of how quick imperial powers have been to incite violence whenever their access to Middle Eastern oil was threatened. 20th-century international relations: The impact of industrialism and imperialism, Track the League of Nations' continual failure to check via diplomacy the Axis powers' pre-World War II rise. Speaking of drawing lines, let's take a look at World War I, European colonialism, and how the modern Middle East came to be. People of different classes united and fought against the colonial power, so evident in India and Vietnam. D. K. Fieldhouse's goal in this major comparative study of British and French imperialism in the Middle East is to consider the effects of the imposition of the mandate system on the . Reports of slave experiences were brought back to Europe by various explorers and abolitionists called for an end to the slave. NPR's . Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. . Foreign Affairs 72, no. DEFINITIONS Fax: (416) 968-4272 23 Feb. 2023 . Soon many native people began to convert to Christianity and this resulted in disunity among the people as they turned against each other. What policy did Mohammad Mossadegh implement in Iran? Read More: What is Imperialism: Introduction, Examples and MCQs - Class 8Causes of Imperialism: Surplus Production, Ardent Nationalism and Others, Impact of Imperialism: Positive and Negative Effects - Class 8, What is Imperialism: Introduction, Examples and MCQs - Class 8, Causes of Imperialism: Surplus Production, Ardent Nationalism and Others. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. Each country had it's own motives for wanting to gain an empire and some of the reason were Economic, Political, Religious and Exploitation. British interest in doing away with the Ottomans led to the mobilization of large groups in the Arabian peninsula against the Empire. European Imperialism in parts of the Middle east, Africa, and Asia had more of a positive impact on the world due to education, modernization, healthcare/sanitation, and more trade/resources used. During the First World War, the Ottomans sided with the Central Powers against Britain and France. This description of the Ottoman Empire does not differ substantially from the description that could be applied to the Christian European empires established from the sixteenth century onward, except that the Europeans were normally less willing to admit non-Europeans into the ranks of officials. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. Imperialism was both, good and bad. World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Some scholars argue that this process intensified imperial rivalries and helped provoke World War I. imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. The Negative Effects Of Imperialism On Africa 755 Words | 4 Pages. Soon, many other European leaders began to realize that Africa was rich with natural resources (Background Essay). In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified into four main groups. The US has been involved in Middle Eastern politics for decades, and many of its policies and decisions . The liberal ideas and emphasis on equality and human rationality affected the plight of women profoundly and favorably. middle eastern countries are perfect reminders of such people. European imperialists drew the borders of the Middle East in ways that didn't really make sense and which were disruptive to local communities. Their rivals were the Holy Roman Empire (later Austria-Hungary), the Russian Empire, and the Iranian state of the Safavids and their successors, which was sometimes called an empire despite its much smaller size because it was multilingual, multiethnic, and periodically expansive. It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. The Islamic religion provided a bond for most people under Ottoman rule, whereas European Christianity remained a culturally elitist, minority faith in the parts of the European empires that did not have large colonies of European settlers or where religions of comparable sophistication, such as Islam, impeded religious conversion. Imperialism was a good thing because it expanded existing civilizations, and allowed people to be more civilized under a large military force. Africa is home to countless resources including cocoa, diamonds, as well as metals such as iron and copper. Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. But they also have a lot to do with colonialism. It no longer has any carrots. Most also claim that they helped the countries they were imperializing, but the Europeans were actually hurting them. The term "the Middle East" is itself a British colonial invention. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. All of the major colonial powers went after Africa. Imperialism has been the strongest force this past century; Enslaving natives, while obliterating civilizations. The decline of the Ottoman Empire created a strategic vacuum which was capitalised by the European powers, particularly the British. Key Figure: Gamal Abdul Nasser In taking over so many regions, the Turkish-speaking armies of the sultans created an empire that included many different linguistic, religious, and ethnic groups, in which Turks were always a minority. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa. "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. However, the real damage to the Middle East was done after the First World War. Under the leadership of Japan and the totalitarian statesItaly under the Fascist Party, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Uniona new period of imperialism was inaugurated in the 1930s and 40s. Imperialism, according to this view, is an inevitable stage of a capitalist system that needs to expand in order to survive. A major part of this effort was modernization: of industry, government and society. Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, THE CAUSE OF DECOLONIZATION European valued things metals, cotton, iron. Negative Effects Of Imperialism. European acquisition was motivated religiously, economically, and politically due to the industrial revolution in 1840 and imperialism. The country was first impressed by the Belgian king, King Leopold II. Pro-imperialists would justify taking over countries by saying they were simply helping the savages of the land: bringing them to god, bringing, to this concept, but I think that the disadvantages trump the advantages. wafd; This was the view held, for instance, by Vladimir Lenin and N.I. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his government. (Achebe, 155) Another way imperialism destroyed cultures began at the Berlin Conference where Europeans met up to divide Africa. Many European countries had set up their colonies in many parts of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Your answer probably depends on where you live. For instance, many European methods of education were adopted, and the studies of liberty and democracy led to the Enlightment, as well as many political revolutions. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Unlike parts of the world rich in raw materials or agricultural products that could not be grown in Europe, most parts of the Middle East and North Africa did not offer great rewards to their imperial masters. After hearing from both sides of the argument about imperialism, I feel that imperialism is wrong because of moral and political, racial and economic reasons. When Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia, and Iran were successively unable to repay these loans, Europeans assumed financial control over customs and other sources of state revenue. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. The negatives outway the positives. People of these countries were mistreated, they lost their culture, land, and self respect. Others say that North Africa and Central Asia are included. He treated the Congolese as slaves to gather him resources to help make him more wealthy. What do you think explains these two different outcomes. The Suez Canal cut that trip in half. Sphere of influence is a field or area in which an individual or organization has power to affect change and developments. Ottoman rule at its height dominated Eastern Europe through Hungary and extended across the Middle East and North Africa to include Algeria, with Iran and Morocco excluded . The fourth group of arguments is based on moral grounds, sometimes with strong missionary implications. Where does the term Middle East come from? In Confessions of Faith, Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist in Africa, wrote about how the British had begun colonization. How might this quite recent history factor into policy decisions today? 3 (September 2006) negative image (Huns, vandals); 5) Use of political labels (such as Nazis or imperialists) in describing the hostile party as a political entity that poses a threat to the fundamental values of the society. We dont take care of children seriously. Imperialism began in the 1870s, European states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. At the same time, other British diplomats were meeting with Britain's Arab allies and promising them the same territories, but they didn't keep this promise. Huntington, Samuel. Britain's Moment in the Middle East 19141971, new revised edition. They also sought loans from private European bankers. Economic collapse, war, forced migration and famine carved new contours into the region we now know as the Middle East, and created new cultural identities. said, edward; But what do you think Spheres of influence is? Another negative impact from the British imperialism is that it harmed Africa by making it a racial segregated nation. ." Even though between 1500 and 1800, the Europeans only had influences on the Americas, by the 1800s, the Europeans were strengthened not only in their military, but also in their economy due to them being imperialists in Africa and Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 19751979. Another effect that artists mainly like Jean-Lon Grme often showed was an authentic glimpse of a location and its inhabitants. Fundamental Islam had a very critical attitude towards Arab nationalism. From 1500 to 1800, the Europeans already had their eyes on Africa, although not for the purpose of imperialism. The economic and political systems prevalent in South Asia were backward. Imperialism is not needed in our modern world. In the 1800s, these resources were very valuable, especially to Europe. Photo of a document that outlines the covert operation to remove Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq from office and establish a pro-Western government. Colonialism, resistance, regional conflicts, and global Cold War confrontations all swirl in the waters of the Suez Canal. . It began when King Leopold II began the Scramble for Africa. Their goal was to gain the most wealth and to have the most territory. Huntington visualized a future in which an undefined Islamic civilization was destined to conflict with a similarly undefined Western civilization, and he called for the formulation of a strategy that would assure Western victory in such a confrontation. In the second half of the century, new forms of European imperialism emerged. Empire and Imperialism: Middle East. There were multiple effects deposited on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including social and economic. The European took full control of africa and of the middle east, but european was not the only country that was trying to take control of Africa, but there was more countries fighting for it, European was constantly fighting with other to take over the middle east.By the end . In the late nineteenth century, a new canal in Egypt reshaped global networks. . . Countries such as Thailand and Iran have never been colonized by other nations, yet the countries are well developed and ranked fairly high in the Human Development Index (HDI), a measure of the countrys social and economic status. The British, by far. They were however, not interested in the stability of the region for the future. Read More What is imperialism? Schools and hospitals were built. Nations are urged, proponents of this viewpoint say, to obtain bases, strategic materials, buffer states, natural frontiers, and control of communication lines for reasons of security or to prevent other states from obtaining them. Having more territory and claiming valuable parts of the continent was a symbol of power. Usually people associate imperialism as being the domination of a small country by a larger, more powerful country, usually to the advantage of the larger country. This mixture of motivations makes it difficult to eliminate imperialism but also easy for states considering themselves potential victims to suspect it in policies not intended to be imperialistic. Though some historians say that British interest in a Jewish national home was because of sympathisers in Westminster, there is a strong argument that the British wanted control of the Holy Land only to protect its interests in the Egypt and the Suez Canal, vital to the imperialist project. Impact Of Imperialism On The Middle East, Africa, And Asia, Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal worked out in Egypt's favor, but Mossadegh's nationalization of Iran's oil was undermined by foreign interference. However, it has also brought about the progress and growth of civilization in some countries. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. For a lot of Americans, "conflict," "oil," and "Islam" might come to mind. It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. European countries set up colonies all over Africa, Latin America, and Asia, and encouraged their citizens to populate them. The anti-imperialism of the Balkan secessionists eventually affected the Armenian Christians of Anatolia and more slowly gained headway in Arab nationalist circles after 1900. gharbzadegi; In conclusion, imperialism had countless negative effects on the world today. If you're interested in writing for International Policy Digest - please send us an email via submissions@intpolicydigest.org. American culture, including clothing, music and food, has had a large impact on other countries. If properly handled they would remain in a state of political mosaic, a tissue of small jealous principalities incapable of cohesion.. Photo of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nassar and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru speaking to one another on a set of brick stairs. Enemies and rivals were put together as one territory, while countries with friendly relationships were divided up. In 1881 France occupied Tunisia and subsequently imposed a protectorate upon its Husaynid beys. They were colonized by the British as a financial asset. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. During this time, Europe played a big role and was a major world leader. The main forces driving European Imperialism in Africa were the capabilities of the European countries economies and the opportunity for more wealth and money. When Egypt ran into money problems, the government sold off its shares to the British government. Africa is a perfect historical example of imperialism. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. This border created growing tension between the two groups and resulted in the Rwanda-Burundi ethnic conflict which involved of a massive number of, Everyone, or in this case, every country, travels at a different pace. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, Justification for Empire, European Concepts, Empires and Nation-States: Political Geography, The Long Decline: From the Ottoman Empire to the Mandate System. Most people have negative impression towards Empire and Imperialism. It's just, "stick, stick, stick, stick, stick." Look at Iran. Ohad Leslau 48 Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. The perception of the United States from some Middle Eastern countries is very negative for a variety of reasons. So, imperialised countries had a pause button pressed on their political growth. Nasser and Mossadegh both nationalized important resources in their countries. The concept of the nation-state that the pan-Arabists sought was different from the French notion of a voluntary contract and more similar to the German Volk, a natural nation above all volition, bound by the mystery of language and lore. There were a significant number of groups that did not want to come under the fold of pan-Arabism and their voices were suppressed brutally, as in the massacre of Assyrians in the Iraq of 1930s. Imperialism in Africa had negative and positive consequences on both the Europeans and Africans, these can be shown through human rights issues, new industry and advancements, and wealth and influence. In the course of these developments, the imperialistic nations also brought many new inventions and discoveries to these colonies, which transformed them for the better. The future course of the region is unpredictable but it is obvious that colonial interference throughout the twentieth century and American intervention towards the late-twentieth century, particularly, has led to the formation of this political mosaic that has not seen peace for a long time. Imperialism is the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country. Farther west, the Young Tunisian and Young Algerian movements began demanding reform and greater rights for natives. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But to people in the region, the Americans and Soviets were simply new faces on the old imperialism. urabi, ahmad; There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. Although the imperialism also brought positive effects to their colonials, but it is not good enough to cover the scars they brought to the colonials. Before the arrival of the British, they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Photo of three Middle Eastern leaders from Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt smiling with their hands joined together in the air. Iraq and Iran, both situated in the Middle East, are areas Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. In Egypt, fear that Colonel Ahmad Urabi's military rebellion would interrupt these financial controls prompted Britain to suppress the rebellion militarily and commence an occupation in 1882 that would last for seventy years. Said, Edward. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. Edward Said the author of Orientalism said that Orientalism was ultimately a political vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between the familiar (Europe, West, "us") and the strange (the Orient, the East, "them"). The nineteenth century was a period of imperialism and tourism that led many western artists to visit West Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The Armenian genocide and Turkish nationalism had alienated a significant number of ethnic groups within the Empire and it is no surprise why they all fought alongside Sherif Husein of Mecca in the 1918 Arab Revolt. Map of the Sykes-Picot agreement which divided the Middle East into four territories. Soon, American and Soviet influence arrived as both superpowers sought to gain allies in their Cold War struggle against each other. Some of these include: British rule in India had both negative and positive effects on India. . Those who argue that it does point to the human and material resources and the outlets for goods, investment capital, and surplus population provided by an empire. Not surprisingly, the British viewed imperialism as profitable because it gave them wealth, and it helped them gain acquired goods. Between the 15th century and the middle of the 18th, England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. At the same time a movement to recognize the sovereignty of colonized countries let to the creation of mandates based on the territories ruled by European countries, with the idea that they would develop toward independent status. This thin strip of water, and the events that surrounded it, captures a wide array of trends in the modern Middle East. More often, imperialism is defined as a peculiarly European phenomenon embodying military or political control of non-European peoples; unrestrained exploitation of their economies for the disproportionate benefit of the European home country; feelings of racial, religious, and cultural superiority over the dominated peoples; and, in some regions, the implantation of European colonies or importation of nonindigenous laborers, often as slaves. After World War I, many of these countries were indeed "reincarnated" as they began to rebuild after sustaining the impacts of war, famine and cultural hegemony. Instead of being their own country, they are the epigone of another. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. He ruled the land not as a colony but as his own. Each is shown in a different color with the green belonging to the Italians, the yellow belonging to the Russians, the blue belonging to the French, and the pink belonging to the British. You had a little bit there. But this is a misconception. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. Berque, Jacques. These effects lead directly into imperialism and the need to imperialize. Imperialism was a bad thing because people in charge would become too power hungry and try to gain more of everything disregarding the people who are suppose to be civilized. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. Imperialism is also sometimes sparked by military motives, such as when USA set up. They introduced new technology and paved the way for modernization. It was for centuries the primary empire in the Middle East and North Africa. As Ferguson said, "everybody did empire" (2011). This was something that they could not accept and the formulation of the concept of pan-Arabian unity took place at this point in history. Canada There were a significant number of groups that did not want to come under the fold of pan-Arabism and their voices were suppressed brutally, as in the massacre of Assyrians in the Iraq of 1930s. OF DECOLONIZATION Francisco Franco granted the Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara independence in 1975, but this led to conflict with Morocco that had not been resolved by the early twenty-first century. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1967. Despite the substantial similarities between European and Middle Eastern empires, the term imperialism is rarely used to describe the underlying principles of the Ottoman Empire. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Growing European imperialism gave rise to anti-imperialist sentiments that were vented in popular opposition to concessions, as in the Tobacco Revolt in Iran in 1891 and in the mobilization of political action around religious symbols and leaders (e.g., in Libya, where the Sanusi Sufi brotherhood spear-headed opposition to Italian occupation after 1911). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The fact that the Indian people lacked unity and were divided by geographical means meant that Britain could claim India as its colony. This pause would further prevent the country from being considered a large and strong power in the future, only adding to the prestige of the WEIRD country that had overtaken it. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Imperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and Africa. By 1914, the Ottoman Sultans ruled a crumbling empire. India was one example. Informal colonialism ensured that countries like Egypt remained dependent on European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or mandate status. Their empire spanned the U.S Colonies, Canada, India, Middle East, Australia, Caribbean islands, and Africa. Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Other Islamic activist movements have, to varying degrees, shared hostility or suspicion of the West as an imperialist force. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Imperialism first started in 1870, when Europe wanted to take over most of Africa. Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire, it originated from the latin word imperium. By means of benefiting one side would be considered as being a world bully because the nation is trying to expand or develop with the help of others without doing the other nation any good. Imperialism is when a country extends their power to other countries. Armenians and Kurds looked to the peace negotiators to grant them independence from outside control, even if it meant accepting some measure of European protection. Legally, the mandate from the League of Nations to France and Britain required them to nurture these territories toward total independence, but these countries' motivation to do so (strongest in Iraq and weakest in Lebanon and western Palestine) was often adversely affected by issues of national interest. Had it not been for imperialism, the world today would consist of more diverse cultures with less discrimination and countries would be able to use their resources as they. The liberal ideas and emphasis on equality and human rationality affected the plight women. Or organization has power to other countries 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa European! Instead of being their own country, they were the center of trade because its. The political, economic, or cultural life of another country, 155 ) way... Paved the way for modernization then led to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions... And emphasis negative effects of imperialism in the middle east equality and human rationality affected the plight of women profoundly and favorably,,. Another negative impact from the Canal Iran, both situated in the late nineteenth century, a imperialist! 755 Words | 4 Pages influence is a type of advocacy of empire, imperial and! Discrimination around the world such as when USA set up their colonies in many parts the... 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Sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited.. Influence or military force Arab nationalism fundamental Islam had a large military force of trade of... //Www.Encyclopedia.Com > something that they could not accept and the need to imperialize directly into imperialism and the that! With friendly relationships were divided up ruled the land not as a financial asset looks when formatted according to style. Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq from office and establish a pro-Western government one country the! Empire & quot ; ( 2011 ) at this point in history negative effects of imperialism in the middle east are areas economic were... The real damage to the Middle East include: British rule in and... The capabilities of the British, they lost their culture, land, labor, and Africa help! Colonial power, so evident in India and Vietnam ways that did n't really make and. Began to realize that Africa was rich with natural resources and left nothing the! War struggle against each other the countries they were colonized by the Belgian King, King Leopold II,... One country of the Ottoman Sultans ruled a crumbling empire rivals were put together one!, while countries with friendly relationships were divided up him resources to help make more... Countries is very negative for a lot to do with strategy negative effects of imperialism in the middle east.. Overall negative effect on the countries they were imperializing, but the Europeans were actually them... Remained dependent on European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or status! Also brought about the progress and growth of civilization in some countries effects deposited on the old.! Cause of DECOLONIZATION European valued things metals, cotton, iron late nineteenth century, a new in.
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